Introduction to Pipe Stress Analysis

A Stress Analysis of Pipe Flange Connections

The use of pipe flange connections is standardized in the codes of JIS, ASME, DIN and so on. However, these codes are almost entirely dependent on experience, and subsequently some problems concerning pipe flange connections have been encountered. In the present paper, the distribution of contact stresses which governs the sealing performance is analyzed as a three-body contact problem, using a...

An Introduction to Speech Sciences (Acoustic Analysis of Speech)

Speech sciences deal with the acoustical characteristics of speech by means of sophisticated soft wares as well as hard wares. Although, a speech science is a well known science in the developed countries, especially the western societies, however, it has been remained almost unknown in Iran, though, in recent years a group of scholars have been involved in this branch of science. The applicati...

An Introduction to Sociolinguistics

Introduction to circular data

In many diverse scientific fields, the measurements are directions. For instance, a biologist may be measuring the direction of flight of a bird or the orientation of an animal. A series of such observations is called ”directional data”. Since a direction has no magnitude, these can be conveniently represented as points on the circumference of a unit circle centered at the origin or as unit ...

Introduction to Ethics

  The issues involved in this article are mainly concentrated on the origins of ethics or Moral ethics as an indepent science It has been said that this area of science was founded by Greek Philosophers after a great crisis and debates between such thinkers as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle on one side and  study of other cuitures and moral traditions, especially the Chinese and Hindu tradition...